Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
Wilson's 14th point was the creation of the league of nations.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
Germany had to pay $33 billion dollars to the allies, couldn't have an army, and had to give land back to France.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
The treaty made a lot of people angry preventing lasting peace with things such as the guilt clause, as well as Germany's inability to pay the debt. Also Russia and colonies in Asia didn't get what they wanted.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
Henry Cabot Lodge objected to the treaty because he wanted congresses right to declare war in the treaty as well as the League of Nations gone.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
Wilson brought about the Senate's rejection of the treaty by refusing to compromise on the League of Nations and by ignoring the Republican majority in Congress.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
At the time the German people were angry that the war was ended and wanted to start another in order to regain their position in the world and restore their honor.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
George Clemenceau was the French premier at the time of the end of the war.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
David Lloyd George was the British prime minister at the end of the war.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia did not go to the peace conference because they were not invited and did not have a controlled situation in their country.

The U.S. enters World War I

1. How did the United States raise an army?
The U.S raised an army by instituting the Selective Service Act meaning that everyone had to sigh up for the military and could be randomly selected to join. This raised 2 million troops.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
American soldiers helped win the war by helping raise moral. Also General Pershing made an offensive stopping the German advance and taking enemy positions.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The estimated economic coasts of the war were $338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
The war costed 11 million civilian deaths, about 11 million military deaths, 20 million wounded, and 10 million became refugees.
5. Define armistice.
Armistice is a truce that ends fighting in a war.

World War I Begins

1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
Four main causes of WW1 were Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. An example of each respectively are; each major nation creating incredibly large standing armies and large technological advances in weaponry,each nation allied itself with a few others so when one was attacked everyone got involved, all the new colonies the European nations conquered allowed them much more recourses then previously available as well as new markets, and many small nations thought they had a right to independence and Germany thought it had a right to rule.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
TH assassination of Archduke Fanz Ferdinand became the spark of the war because i promoted Austria-Hungry to invade Serbia which caused the Russians to support the Serbs and then the Germans invaded Russia and France in support of Austria-Hungry which made the British join to support the French and Russians.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
During the first few months of the war, Germany stoped any Russian advances while conquering Belgum and advancing into France. Then, allies and Central Powers spent a while tring to out flank each other until they gave up and began to besige each other in long trench networks.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
Generally, the U.S wanted to stay out of the war because it was three thousand miles away, and people didn't want their children to die.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
Naturalized citizens opposed U.S participation in the war because they still had ties to their home countries and didn't want to be on the other side, socialists saw the war as a promotion of imperialism and capitalism to which they always were opposed, and the pacifists opposed violence in general and wanted the U.S to provide an example for peace.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany responded to the British naval blockade by sinking all ships military and otherwise in the area surrounding Great Britain with their unterseeboots.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The German unrestricted submarine warfare, their attempts to get Mexico to attack the U.S in the event that war brock out between it and Germany, and a revolution in Russia that allowed the U.S to claim the war was one of democracy against oppressive monarchies.

America as a World Power

1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
President Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty between Russia and Japan to end the Russo-Japanese War in which Japan got half an island from Russia and Russia pulled out its interests in Korea.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
A French business started to make the canal in 1800, but ran out of money, so they sold the canal and the un-dug part of its rout to the U.S for $40 million in 1810. Then, in 1903 Panama gained its independence from Columbia and the U.S payed Panama $10 million dollars plus another quarter million dollars annually to own the canal.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the U.S had a right to protect its economic interests in the Western Hemisphere through the use of military intervention.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used Dollar Diplomacy to enforce Roosevelt Corollary on Nicaragua by paying off Nicaraguan debts after a revolution in Nicaragua. In return the U.S got control of the Nicaraguan national bank, customs service, and the Nicaraguan railroad. When the Nicaraguans heard about that, they revolted again and the U.S sent marines to put down the revolt.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson invaded Mexico because the U.S friendly government was overthrown, and then the overthrower was overthrown. So, the U.S waited for a chance to invade Mexico and when they got the chance, did.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
Three major foreign policy goals achieved by the U.S in the early 20th century were an increased economy, foreign control, and gained a modern Navy. An example for each respectively is; colonies gained in the Pacific and an increased industry, the enforcement of Roosevelt Corollary such as in Mexican and Nicaragua, and the many naval bases gained in the Pacific and the open door policy.

Imperialism's Bitter Fruit

1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
Tension was high between American and Filipino troops for months becasue the Filipinos wanted independence, but the Americans were still there. Then, fighting borke out between the American and Filipino forces because an American soldier fired on a Filipino patrol that refused to halt. Then the fighting soon spread to the area around Minila.

b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
This was a different kind of warfare for American forces because the U.S soldiers had to fight a gurilla force that blended with civilians.

2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
Many Aferican Americans were critics of the war against Filipino nationalists because the attitude towrds Filipinos was very racist and were often refered to with the same racial slurrs used for blacks. Morover, the black soldiers were discriminated agianst in the Philipines and were often reminded of theis by Filipinos.

3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.

a. Lots of U.S soldiers were dieing and Americans saw imperialsim as incresing conflict around the world and saw no need for that.

b. There were amny legal, political and administrative issues about occupying the Philipines and the public and government diid not want this burden.


4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
The possitive effects of the American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba were the irradication of yellow fever, establishment of railroad and telegraph lines, schools opened, and improved sanitation.

5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:

a. U.S right to oversee Cuban economy


b. Veto power over Cuban foreighn poplicy


c. build a Naval base at Guantanimo bay


d.intervine in Cuba in order to preserve "life, properaty and individual liberty"

Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
The United States was not justified in making these demans. First of all, the United States had jus fought a war for Cuban independance, and this just continues thier oppression under a new master. Also, the U.S had no right to impose its will over an independent country even if it was just freed by the U.S.

6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
The United states was imperialistic. In the space of 10-15 years the United States aquiered many new colonies. These include many of the islands in the Pacific and Puerto Rico. The U.S also fought a war with Spain which conviniently gained them more colonies. These are obviosly the actions of an imperialsitic nation, whether it saw itself as one or net. Empires strive to aquier new lands, which is exactly what the United States did.

Spanish-American War

1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.

In the late 1800s the U.S supported Cuba in its rebellion with Spain and had alot of business interests in Cuba.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
The Spanish "reconcentration camps" were places that the Spanish put Cuban citizens to prevent interactions with rebles. These capmps had bad conditions such as disease and lack of food.


3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a.the de lome letter

b. interests in Cuba

c. The sinking of the USS maine


4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
The most important of these reasons was the U.S's interests in Cuba. This is the most important reason because it is the only one that was not a product of Yellow Journalism. The Maine was not sunk by the Spanish, and the writer of the de Lome letter was punished, so those things were not very real factors to go to war about. Thus, only the U.S's interests in Cuba was a remotly valid reason for war.

5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The Teller Amendment said that the U.S didn't want to assert sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over Cuba.

6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A portion of the Spanish-American war was faught in the Philippines because Spanish control over them was failing and the U.S took it as an opperitunity to take control of the Philippines.

7. Dewey’s victory in the ____________________________ sparked an outpouring of _________________ in the United States.

Dewey's victory in the 'Philippines' sparked an outpouring of 'pride' in the U.S

8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders wanted to fight in Cuba so they could become famous.

9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
Many Affrican-Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish-American war because they wanted to elivate the status of African Americans in the U.S

b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
The Aferican Americans were not allowed to ve officers and they were not treated as well as the white soldiers in Cuba by those in Cuba and in America.

10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.

a.Cubans needed guidence and would remein occupied by teh U.S soldiers

b. Philippinos wer incapible of maintaining a government because they were inferior so the U.S took the Philippines as a colony.

Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power

1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?

American business owners and the Marines overthrew Hawaii's queen because Hawaii would be a very good place for business men to plant crops and it also was situated in the middle of the Pacific, making it a strategic location. Grover Cleveland thought that it wasn't right for the U.S to take over hawaii. I agree with this quote by Grover Cleveland because the Hawaiians were perfectly happy as they were and didn't need a new government.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?

Five important changes that transformed Americans in the 19th century were, immigration, economic growth, westward expansion, labor reform, and railroads and faster ships. These things made it easier for people and goods to travel(railroads and ships), gave the United States a better standing among world powers(westward expansion and economic growth), provided workers to support the growth of economy(immigration), and changed American character (westward expansion) and standard of living so they could focus on outside affairs more easily(labor reform).
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?

The economic depression in 1893 deepened the divisions in the U.S because workers saw how easily they could be hurt in the current economy and saw strikes as a way to fix this. This made businessmen fear to loose their profits, and laborers their jobs. The laborers suffered the most because they had no way of getting enough money to survive and had no money already to try and ride it out.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?

Some values many Americans attached to the frontier were resourcefullness, bravery, pragmatism, and patriotism. These people feared that if their was no west to settle than people would no longer have a way to gain these values and they would be lost in in the cities where there was no need for them.

5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?

Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because they felt they would preserve the frontier and the values gained there, and would make them less vulnerable to Europe and even make the U.S more powerful on a world scale.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?

Expansionists would say that the policy for ecomonic success as too trade with other Nations and try to control their trade laws, build the Panama canal, and gain footholds in foreign countries. Imperialists would say that the U.S needed to take other countries over so that the U.S could use their land and people as well as open new trade opertunnities.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?

The American theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism justified imperialism because they made the people the U.S conquered to be inferior and in need of help. They also made the U.S superior and supposed to give the help by conquering the countries.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?

Many Protestant churches said the America was supposed to "lift up the downtrodden" of other nations. Meaning that the U.S had a right to conquer nations because they had a divine duty to help the downtrodden there. If the U.S had other interests in going there, that was o.k because the people of that country 'needed' them.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.

The United States became involved in several latin American countries because the U.S wanted to build a canal in Panama so it could control the trade between Europe and Asia. Also they feared European control in the Americas. The U.S became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and Latin American Nations because the U.S wanted to control trade, control the Pacific Ocean, and gain world prowess, and thwart European Nations.

10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?

The U.S feared that the British would make Europe want to control Latin America. THe U.S secretary of State Richard Olney invoked was the Monroe Doctrine, meaning the European Nations had no right to interfere in the Americas.

Spanish-American War (1898)

Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?

1. American business owners
The American business owners wanted to put sugar plantations in Cuba, but the Spanish didn't want them to. So, the U.S always supported Cuba in Spanish Cuban conflicts.
2. José Martí
Started a rebellion in Cuba. During the rebellion he destroyed American plantations to get the U.S involved.
3. Valeriano Weyler
Spanish General that put Cubans in concentration camps so they couldn't aid the rebels.
4. Yellow journalism
A style of reporting where the news is exaggerated and sensationalized to attract readers.
5. De Lôme letter
A letter by the Spanish minister to the U.S that insulted the president, thus angering many citizens.
6. U.S.S. Maine
A ship sent to take U.S citizens back to the U.S from Cuba. However, it blew up in harbor killing over two hundred people. The newspapers said the Spanish did it.

Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?

7. Cuba
Cuba gained its freedom because of the Spanish-American war.
8. Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico became a colony of the U.S because of the war.
9. Guam
Guam also became a U.S colony because of the war.
10. Philippine Islands
The Philippine Islands became U.S colony when bought from Spain. People argued over this, but imperialism won over the arguments of those opposed to the U.S annexing the islands.

U.S. Imperialism Begins

1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
Five factors that fueled American Imperialism were the new technology, want for military prowess, Social Factors such as Social Darwinism, Nationalists racing Europe for colonies, and new markets opened by the Industrial Revolution.

2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The Nationalists who wanted the US to expand saw Europe taking a bunch of colonies in the east, and saw the need to catch up by taking over the Pacific Ocean as compensation. The Industrial Revolution caused Imperialism because it opened up a lot of new markets and caused the need for new recourses to fuel the new developments.

3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
The purchase of Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" because no one could think of any use for it and thought that Seward wasted 7 million dollars by purchasing it.

4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century and it was controlled by white, American planation owners and worked by Asian immigrants.

6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The United States was interested in Hawaii because it provided a place to farm sugar, had a good harbor for the Navy, was on the way to China and provided a convenient refueling space for boats, and gave the US a good point to control the Pacific Ocean. The Navy saw Pearl Harbor a good place for the Pacific part of the US navy and a being in the middle, a good place to launch attacks on and protect the rest of the Pacific Ocean. Alfred Mahan promoted this by saying the US needed a way to be a navel power and that it would protect the US from the "Chinese Hordes". Also it provided a place for boats to refuel with coal and other things. Finally it was a good place to farm sugar, and many business men wanted to make use of this.

Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson

1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
After the end of Teddy Roosevelts presidency, he selected his secretery of war, William Howard Taft to replace him.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Roosevelt came to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912 because Roosevelt wanted New Nationalism, so he ran against Taft for a third term. This campaign got to be very violent towrds the end.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
Woodrow Wilson won the election in 1912 because the republican party was split between two candidates and won a large electoral victory in congress.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
When Woodrow Wilson won the election in 1912, he started off as Roosevelt had by attacking large corperations.He pasted the Clayton Antitrust act, as well as creating The Federal Trade Commission. Furthermore, he changed the tax system.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. It was ratified in 1920.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
America's entry into WWI caused the reform movement to stall because the eyes of polititions and reformers were turned elswhere and didn't think much about reform.

Child Labor Reform Photographs

Objective Assessment


As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.

Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?

Photograph A
-girl has messy hair
-surprised look on face
-ragged clothing
-close fitting clothing
-cotton weaving machines in background: in cotton mill
-young girl
Photograph B
-girls look angry or sad
-dirty
-hair worn up:might work around machinery
-ragged clothing
-in street:in front of building
Photograph C
-Girl is very young
-machinery on either side of her: in mill
- looks slightly angry, face set
-simple clothing:dirty
-short hair
-no shoes
Photograph D
-very young boy
-looks very sad
-wearing shoes and hat
-standing on side walk in front of light pole
-holding large pieces of paper:looks like he's trying to sell them
Photograph E
-children sitting in roes very low to the ground
-have overseers that have sticks
-overseers have very dirty faces
-people all have shoes and hats
-children seem to be sorting something
Photograph F
-workers ranging in age from around 7 or 8 to 16 or 17
-ripped clothing
-lots of pipes in room
-have shoes and hats
-people look neither happy nor sad
Photograph G
-people ranging from very young to middle age
-most have shoes
-surrounding carts while shucking oysters
-look resigned
-children with mothers
-aprons
Photograph H
-young children
-girls all wearing bonnets or other head covering
-going to work
- night time
-going into factory
-some older:late teens
Subjective Assessment


What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.


Photograph A
-works long hours
-hard job for little money: 48 cents an hour for working for sides
-forced to work for some reason: has to lie about her age
-does she have family?
Photograph B
-poor
-work a lot: look very tiered
-aren't treated well:look either sad or angry
Photograph C
-works hard; caption says she was "working steadily"
-large risk of injury; small near large machines
-little food: poor
Photograph D
-sad life: looks increadibly sad
-little pay;no one is using his service/buying product
-no one helps him: alone
Photograph E
-backs hurt alot: hunched over
-submissive;have and overseer that has a stick to force them to work
-sick a lot: lots of dust
Photograph F
-fairly happy: smilling
-lots of friends/help
-probably tired a lot; working at 9pm.
-why are some of them happy?
Photograph G
-little time for relaxing (babies): have to go to work with their mothers
-working most of the time: 3:30 am to 5:00 pm
-large chance of injury: get tired after all that time working
Photograph H
-always tired: work all night long
-bad family life: at least two have a father that doesn't work
-little money/food; families are poor

TR's Square Deal

1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?

Roosevelt created the modern presidency because he was the first president to use the media to promote his actions and achivements. He also used the presidency as an influential tool.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?

Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set the precident for federal arbitration because after that the government was expected to intervine in other strikes, thus proving that experts were not needed to solve things a nd that the government should.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?

Roosevelt started govermnent regulation for the trusts and railroads.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?

Roosevelt passed the Pure Food and Drug Act to protect citizens.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?

Roosevelt proteced the enviorment by establishing more national parks and trued to protect national wonders without squandering the nations resources.

Urbanzation

1. What is Urbanization?

Urbanization is the growth of cities, in the early 1900's because many people move there at once

2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?

Many Americans moved from the country to the cities because the new farming technology prevented many of the smaller farms from competing with the large ones that had enough money to buy them. Also, farms needed less workers on them because of all the technology doing the work instead of people. Moreover, in the south, many cotton farmers could no longer support their farms without slaves. Finally, the freed slaves needed somewhere to go and the city was convenient.

3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?

Many poor city dwellers had to live in a building with many other families in it, making it very cramped. They also had terrible conditions in the houses such as lack of plumbing and air ventilation. Laws were made to fix this, but because the garbage was picked up so infrequently, the people threw it in the air shaft, which was supposed to provide air for the apartment, and nailed it up.

Immigration

1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe came to America in the lat 19th and early 20th centuries because the conditions in their own countries were a lot worse than those in America were supposed to be. So, those people obviously wanted to get to a place where work was easier to find and opportunity was plentiful, or at least supposed to be. Also, many people came to escape religious persecution. For example, whole villages of Jews came from Russia due to pogroms. The people in Asia thought that the United States was a land of opportunity and promise. The people from Asia, however usually weren't trying to escape religious persecution.

2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.

The immigrants had to endure a horrific journey to America on the boats they took to get there. They usually had to get the lowest class of tickets because they were so poor. They often slept in the bottom of the ship in close conditions with the other immigrants, sharing toilets, and sleeping on lice infested beds. This promoted the spread of disease. Once the immigrants got off the boats, they had to go through an immigration station. This took five hours minimum, but people often were detained to wait their turn. In the immigration station, a doctor examined them for disease, and the had other tests to pass. If they failed any of these they were sent back to the country they came from. However less than two percent of immigrants were turned back.

Big Business and Labor

Laissez Faire and Social Darwinism promoted the mistreatment of laborers. They were created as an excuse for business men to trample over their workers, For example according to Social Darwinism, the poor were naturally inferior to the rich and thus didn't deserve the government to intervene for them. The people that owned the businesses sad that because the government didn't have the right to regulate it. This was part of Laissez Faire, as was the right for business owners to do whatever they wanted without interference from people outside the government either. Therefore, because Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire prevented the government intervention and explained why people were poor with no fault to the rich, large business owners could take advantage of laborers by paying them little and treating them like dirt.

Labor Unions & Big Business

the Knights of Labor

a. Identification
A large group of laborers that tries to get improved working conditions in 1868. They specifically fought for an 8 hour work day.
b. Significance
They were one of the first national labor unions and gave the idea to several others.
the Haymarket riot

a. Identification
A riot in 1866 caused by anarchists and unionists because of terrible working conditions and worker injuries.
b. Significance
The Haymarket riot caused a revival of the middle class fear of radicalism as well as drawing attention to labor unions.
the American Federation of Labor

a. Identification
A conglomeration of labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers and used strikes to further its goals.
b. Significance
Helped to significantly lower work weeks and increase pay to workers.
Samuel Gompers

a. Identification
Samuel Gompers was the president of the American Federation of labor. He used strikes and collective bargaining to improve work conditions.
b. Significance
Samuel Gompers founded the AFL which was influential in several strikes and helped lower workdays and increase pay.
the Homestead strike

a. Identification

A strike by the steel workers at one of Carnage's factories that ended in violence and was quelled by the National Guard.
b. Significance
It was the last strike by steel workers for 45 years, a significant amount of time considering the frequency of other strikes.
the Pullman strike

a. Identification
A strike that lasted for a few months because of the cut in Pullman's workers wages and no cut in the expense of their houses.
b. Significance
Many workers got fired and nothing changed. It also exemplified the reality of the era.
Eugene V. Debs

a. Identification
Formed the ARU and was involved in the Pullman strike.
b. Significance
Formed one of the first mixed skilled labor union.
the Industrial Workers of the World

a. Identification
A group of radical unionists and socialists formed in the late 1800's.
b. Significance

Made a labor union that socialists were happy with and tried for the same goals as the other unions.

Andrew Carnegie: Andrew Carnegie was an innovative investor. With the money he gained through investments he started his own steel business. He invented and used horizontal integration- the buying out of competitors- and vertical integration- the buying out of suppliers and transportation methods, which were adopted by the other business men of the day.
Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism is the belief that human society behaves the same way natural selection does. Meaning that the the good things in society continue and the bad leave.
John D. Rockefeller: Rockefeller used corporations made of trusts to control almost the entire oil business. He also payed his employees little and sold his oil cheaply to drive away competition. Once the competition was gone, he raised prices.
Sherman Antitrust Act: The Sherman Antitrust act made it illegal to make trust between states or out of the county in response to the growing number of millionaires and to maintain free competition. However it couldn't be enforced and was ignored.
Samuel Gompers: Samuel Gompers was the president of the American Federation of labor. He used strikes and collective bargaining to improve work conditions.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): A conglomeration of labor unions that tried to improve workers conditions, wages and hours.
Eugene V. Debs: Debs tried to form a labor union of both skilled and non skilled workers. However, this failed after a major strike, but the idea would carry on.
Industrial Workers of the World: A socialist labor Union that failed, but gave a sense of unity to non skilled workers and helped further their cause.
Mary Harris Jones: Mary Harris Jones organized for the UMW and supported minors unions. She also marched children that worked in mills that had terrible injuries in front of Theodore Roosevelt's house which helped create child labor laws.

Railroad Development

The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?

The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies for several reasons. One of these was the railroads provided a way to link the country. This was important because it provided the transportation needed for people to go out West and settle the land the government offered. Also, the railroad allowed for the transportation of beef and other goods to both coasts of the nation. This provided the food necessary to feed the growing number of immigrants in the country. Furthermore, the railroads provided a means to get the natural resources to the major cities that allowed for the production of electricity and the construction of skyscrapers. In addition, the railroads gave the means to create and support the economic boom in the country and the government liked the growing industrial power of the nation and did not want to hinder it. Moreover, railroads provided jobs for many people, even if the jobs were terrible and under paying. The railroads couldn't exist without the governments help, and the government needed them so its no surprise that the government provided the help needed.

Expansion of Industry

What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.

Three major factors that contributes to the technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War were the discovery of Oil and coal, new and more efficient ways to make steel, and the many inventions that were made. With steel easier to make and thus more plentiful, large numbers of railroads were able to be made. This connected the country. Also, it allowed the construction of skyscrapers and bridges. This allowed for the creation of new jobs for people as well as more places for them to work without having to use a lot of ground space.

However more important than steel were the inventions made in this period. The most important of these inventions was the harnessing of electricity. This allowed for the creation of some of the most important inventions of the modern era, such as the telephone and the incandescent light bulb. Electricity also allowed for the creation of electric streetcars which made city travel cheap and allowed for the spread of cities. Furthermore, factories and plants no longer needed to be near sources of power to exist. Electricity powered everything from instead of local power. However, none of this could have been possible with out Thomas Edisons electrical distributing system.

Westward Expansion Questions

1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?

The government's policy of assimilation failed for several reasons. One was the tendency of settlers to ignore government treaties. This caused problems because the Native Americans attacked the settlers that did this forcing the U.S. government to retaliate. This trend was not helped by the American attitude that Native Americans were savages and thus dangerous. This caused settlers to attack Native Americans, and thus the Native Americans retaliated. All of the fighting prevented assimilation from effectively taking place. Also, the Native Americans did not believe in the American way of life. They were nomadic and hunted to get food. The Americans wanted them to live in houses and farm. This also was against the tribal nature of the Native Americans. Assimilation meant that the Native Americans had to do what the U.S. wanted, regardless of what they themselves wanted. In addition, the Native Americans were forced to live in ever-shrinking conservation lands. They had to leave their ancestral lands to go to the places the settlers didn't want. The government also broke many of its promises. However this is understandable considering the actions of settlers and what the U.S. had to do in order to protect its citizens.

Think About:

• Native Americans' way of life
• Cultural differences
• Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
• Government promises

2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.

The government efforts to promote settlement on the Great Plains were very successful. Once the government began selling land to settlers, people flocked to the plains in order to acquire some of the land before it was all gone. In 1889 in Oklahoma, the government sold 2 million acres of land to settlers in two days. Furthermore,the government encouraged this movement with grants, land offers and legislation. One of these pieces of legislation was the homestead act, which offered 160 acres of free land to any head of household. Between 1862 and 1900, 6000,000 families took government offered land via the Homestead act. In addition, between 1850 and 1900, the percentage of people living on the Plains went from 1 percent to 30 percent. Railroads also were given land for each mile of track they made, some of which was sold to settlers. The railroads also provided a means for settlers to easily move to the land they bought from the government, as well as providing shipping for their crops.

Think about:

• The growth in population on the Great Plains
• The role of railroads in the economy
• The Homestead Act

Conflict in Iraq Q & A

Directions: Read Part I (Pages 1 - 12) and answer the short answer and extended response questions below. Then, read Part II (Pages 13 - 29) and answer the questions that follow. All answers are due either on your blog (label the post Iraq) or you can submit them in writing on Tuesday. (NOTE: There are two graphic organizers at the end of the readings to help you organize your information for Part II.)

Part I Questions:

Short Response

1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?

Kurds: Most of the Kurds live in the North of Iraq.

Shi'a: Most of the Shi'a live in the east and south east of Iraq

Sunnis: Most of the Sunnis live in Western Iraq.

2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a and Kurds hold the majority of Oil reserves in Iraq.

3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
Britain took interest in Iraq because there isn't much oil in Great Britain, and Iraq has a lot of oil.

4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
Pan-Arabists advocated independence for the entire Middle East from the West.

5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
Sadam Hussein gained power and popularity in the 1970's because he was backed by the CIA, his political party gained power, and the increased price of oil gave him extra money to use for the people of Iraq.

6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
The United States became involved in the Iran-Iraq war because the Government did not want the Islamic government of Iran to win the war. However, the United States did provide Iran with weapons in exchange for prisoners in Lebanon.

7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.

a. The U.S. didn't want to have to deal with a destabilized Iraq.

b. The U.S. wanted the Iraqi people to topple Hussein's regime, not the U.S. military.

Extended Response:

8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?

There are two different major ethnic groups in Iraq. These two groups are Kurds and Arabs. Most people in each of these groups practice Islam, however they belong to different branches of Islam. The Arabs are split into the Shi'a and Sunni branches of Islam. It is important to understand these differences because if a country with that is dealing with Iraq as closely as the U.S. is, grouping all Iraqis into one group could have disastrous effects. The groups don't agree with each other and are very violent towards the other groups. For example, the Kurds want independence from Iraq. Also, both Shi'a and Kurds hate the Sunnis because they feel the Sunnis are their former oppressors. Therefore, if these differences are ignored, there will be unrest within the country if these groups are forced to do things with the other groups that they don't like.


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Part II Questions:

Short Response

9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.

a. The Iraqi weapons program

b. Sponsorship of terrorism

10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?

a. End Hussein's regime

b. Find WMD

11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.

a. Some people are angry at the U.S.

b. Some people don't like the new government

Extended Response:

12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)

Shi'a: The Shi'a that are fighting are a militia fighting to prevent the Sunnis from regaining control of Iraq. The Shi'a also want regional governments. Furthermore the Shi'a want the U.S. out of Iraq and want more power inside Iraq.

Sunni: The Sunnis seem to be of a divided opinion. Some seem to think that the U.S. should leave Iraq and blame the U.S. for the Shi'a rise to power. However recently the SUnnis have been working with the U.S. military to fight terrorism and Al Qaeda.

Kurd: The Kurds are a militant group that want independence in order to form a Kurd state. They hate the Sunni feeling that the Sunni are their oppressors. Kurds are divided on wether Kurdistan should be fully independent of Iraq or part of a unified Iraq. This struggle is not new and has been going on for decades.

al Qaeda: Al Qaeda is a terrorist group that wants to drive the U.S. out of Iraq and wants Iraqi civil war. They use IEDs, car bombs and other types of terrorism to further their goals. They don't care about the best interest of Iraq, but just want to cause terror and overthrow the Iraqi government in order to form an Islamic state.